(...) The war, which had begun as anti-fascist, became anti-German and anti-Italian. (...) The explanations were accepted with understanding and they have contributed to overcoming misunderstandings caused by the speech. Moreover, for the first time, leaders from the Italian Left, such as Walter Veltroni, visited the Basovizza foiba and admitted the culpability of the Left in covering up the subject for decades. "Italian islands in a Slavic sea". Here, one must again recall Stalinism to understand what Tito's well-organized troops did. Revisionismo di stato e amnesie della Repubblica. [23], The number of those killed or left in foibe during and after the war is still unknown; it is difficult to establish and a matter of controversy. [citation needed], So, the Italian government tactically "exchanged" the impunity of the Italians accused by Yugoslavia for the renunciation to investigate the foibe massacres. They excluded possible 'foibe' killings by other parties or forces. As a result, 100,000 Slavic speakers left Italian areas in an exodus, moving mostly to Yugoslavia. [2] The Italian historian, Raoul Pupo estimates 3,000 to 4,000 total victims, across all areas of former Yugoslavia and Italy. We throw the ruling clique the glove a duel, and we will not give up until artificial Trieste Italianism is crushed in dust, lying under our feet.”[43] Due to these complaints, Austria carried a census recount, and the number of Slovenes increased by 50-60% in Trieste and Gorizia, proving Slovenes were initially falsely counted as Italians. [clarification needed]. "[59], Italian president Giorgio Napolitano took an official speech during celebration of the "Memorial Day of Foibe Massacres and Istrian-Dalmatian exodus" in which he stated:[60]. Per comprendere storicamente il fatto “foibe”, occorre contestualizzarlo. (...) Modern Europe was built on foundations… of which anti-fascism was one of the most important. 14. We should not be afraid of new victims. Una storia tragica; Le conseguenze del dopoguerra; La giornata; CHE COSA SONO LE FOIBE? In Italy the term foibe has, for some authors and scholars,[6] taken on a symbolic meaning; for them it refers in a broader sense to all the disappearances or killings of Italian people in the territories occupied by Yugoslav forces. Le vittime dei massacri furono fascisti, collaborazionisti del governo italiano, spie, ma anche membri del CLN (Comitato di liberazione nazionale) e partigiani. Boves, paesino a pochi chilometri da Cuneo, è tristemente famoso per aver dato ... L’Italia del dopoguerra si affretta ad uscire dalla povertà e va incontro al boom ... Il Tempo e la Storia dedica una puntata alle tormentate vicende del nostro confine ... Nell`aprile del 1945 in tutta Italia si festeggia la fine della guerra. As a result, 480,000 Slavic-speakers came under Italian rule, while 12,000 Italian speakers were left in Yugoslavia, mostly in Dalmatia. ... Il giornale nei primi anni di attività non riuscì a mantenere una costanza di pubblicazione. Nell`aprile del 1945 in tutta Italia si festeggia la fine della guerra. Il nome (foiba) è un termine dialettale giuliano che deriva dal latino fovea (fossa, cava). È possibile copiare, modificare delle copie di questa pagina, nelle condizioni previste dalla licenza, finché questa nota appaia chiaramente. Ecco 12 cose da sapere per farsi un'idea in occasione della giornata del ricordo 2019. onnotati tipii di tale presen- ... ovvero con le conseguenze di una mai dimostrata attività propagandistica italiana. Una data che riassume un capitolo tragico della nostra storia e di un territorio, la Venezia Giulia, sconvolto da violenze ed eccidi durante e dopo il SECONDO conflitto mondiale: il 10 febbraio, dal 2004, è il “Giorno del Ricordo”, dedicato alle vittime delle foibe e alle migliaia di esuli costretti a lasciare l’Istria e la Dalmazia nel secondo dopoguerra. [56] Italy never extradited or prosecuted some 1,200 Italian Army officers, government officials or former Fascist Party members accused of war crimes by Yugoslavia, Ethiopia, Greece and other occupied countries and remitted to the United Nations War Crimes Commission. In 1947, the British envoy, W. J. Sullivan wrote of Italians arrested and deported by Yugoslav forces from around Trieste: "there is little doubt, while some of the persons deported may have been innocent, others were undoubtedly active fascists with more than mere party memberships on their conscience. I heard exiles' accounts of "Slavic barbarity" and "ethnic cleansing," suffered in Istria between 1943 and 1954, as well as Slovene and Croat narratives of the persecution experienced under the fascist state and at the hands of neofascists in the postwar period. I processi cognitivi sono fondamentalmente due. Evocations of the 'Slav other' and of the terrors of the foibe made by state institutions, academics, amateur historians, journalists, and the memorial landscape of everyday life were the backdrop to the post-war renegotiation of Italian national identity. Sesto San Giovanni (MI), 9 febbraio 2008, Udine, KappaVu, 2008, ISBN 9788889808788 Foibe 1945 (Rapporto finale della Commissione storico-culturale italo-slovena) Infoibati ... data sulle sponde orientali dell’Adriatio. D’Annunzio created the Italian Regency of Carnaro, with him as its dictator, or Comandante, and a constitution foreshadowing the Fascist system. I would say we can easily sacrifice 500,000 barbaric Slavs for 50,000 Italians. Silenzio. [40] The remnants of the Italian community in Dalmatia (which had started a slow but steady emigration to Istria and Venice during the 19th century) left their cities toward Zadar and the Italian mainland. L`eccidio fu, di fatto, una pulizia etnica tesa ad annullare l`identità italiana sul territorio. un incontro-spettacolo sulle Foibe. The estimated number of people killed in Trieste is disputed, varying from hundreds to thousands. Many of the bodies found in the Basovizza pit, and in the foibe of Corgnale, Grgar, Plomin, Komen, Socerb, Val Rosandra, Cassorana, Labin, Tinjan, Cerenizza, Heki, and others were ethnic Italians. Queste ultime, il cui nome deriva dal latino fovĕa (“fossa”), sono voragini rocciose di origine carsica assai numerose nell’Istria, dove se ne contano oltre 1500. The foibe massacres, or simply the foibe, refers to mass killings both during and after World War II, mainly committed by Yugoslav Partisans against the local ethnic Italian population, mainly in Venezia Giulia, Istria and Dalmatia.The term refers to the victims who were often thrown alive into foibas (deep natural sinkholes; by extension, it also was applied to the use of mine shafts, etc. Ma nel Friuli Venezia Giulia, proprio in quei giorni, ha inizio un periodo di orrori che durerà a lungo e culminerà con la fuga di circa 350.000 persone, in seguito alle persecuzioni degli jugoslavi di Tito. The ethnic map of the area could potentially be a decisive factor in a treaty of peace with Italy and for this reason, according to some Italian historians, the reduction of the ethnic Italian population was held desirable. Examples are the 1918–20 unrest in Split, when members of the Italian minority and their properties were assaulted by Croatian nationalists (and two Italian Navy personnel and a Croatian civilian were later killed during riots), and the burning of the Trieste National Hall, the main center of the Slovene minority in Trieste, by Italian nationalists and fascists. [27] Between October and December 1943, the Fire brigade of Pola, helped by mine workers, recovered a total of 159 victims of the first wave of mass killings from the foibe of Vines (84 bodies), Terli (26 bodies), Treghelizza (2 bodies), Pucicchi (11 bodies), Villa Surani (26 bodies), Cregli (8 bodies) and Carnizza d'Arsia (2 bodies); another 44 corpses were recovered in the same period from two bauxite mines in Lindaro and Villa Bassotti. Scholar Katia Pizzi claims that "In 1943 and 1945, hundreds, perhaps thousands, of Italians, both partisans [belligerents] and civilians, were imprisoned and subsequently thrown alive by Yugoslav partisans into various chasms in the Karst region and the hinterland of Trieste and Gorizia". Il Giorno del ricordo, il 10 febbraio, è stato istituito al fine di “conservare e rinnovare la memoria della tragedia degli italiani e di tutte le vittime delle foibe, dell’esodo dalle loro terre degli istriani, fiumani e dalmati nel secondo dopoguerra e della più complessa vicenda del confine orientale”. However, still others[who?] Per saperne di più visita il sito dell’istituto. Ore 11.15 – Iniziativa Riflettiamo sulle foibe La classe V è stata invitata a informarsi sulla ricorrenza storica del 10 febbraio, Giorno del Ricordo. The report by the mixed Italian-Slovenian commission describes the circumstances of the 1945 killings as follows:[55]. Immagini Giorno del Ricordo. After World War I, the whole of the former Austrian Julian March, including Istria, and Zadar in Dalmatia were annexed by Italy, while Dalmatia (except Zadar) was annexed by the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. La storia, quella sì, deve essere per tutti, e anche sulle foibe le cose sono ormai abbastanza chiare. I confini dell'Italia devono essere il Brennero, il Nevoso e le Dinariche: io credo che si possano sacrificare 500.000 slavi barbari a … Similarly, I came to reject the argument that ethno-national antagonism had not entered into the equation, as well as the counterview that the exodus represented simply an act of "ethnic cleansing". Migliaia furono le vittime di Tito gettate nelle foibe. members of fascist squads)[20]. [40], In a 1920 speech in Pola (Pula) Istria, Benito Mussolini proclaimed .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}. anche perché non sono circondati da enfasi o sottolineature da parte dell’intera società. In 1959 the pit was sealed and a monument erected, which later became the central site for the annual foibe commemorations. [4] The terror spread by these disappearances and killings eventually caused the majority of the Italians of Istria, Rijeka, and Zadar to flee to other parts of Italy or the Free Territory of Trieste. Questo sito fa uso di cookie per migliorare l’esperienza di navigazione degli utenti. Pamela Ballinger in her book, History in Exile: Memory and Identity at the Borders of the Balkans, wrote:[54]. In 1911, complaining of local Italian efforts to falsely count Slovenes as Italians, the Trieste Slovene newspaper Edinost wrote: “We are here, we want to stay here and enjoy our rights! Il 10 febbraio si ricordano le vittime delle foibe. The name was derived from a local geological feature, a type of deep karst sinkhole called foiba. [35] Sociologically, the population was divided into Latin middle-upper classes (bourgeoisie and aristocracy in coastal areas and in the towns) and Slavic lower classes (peasants and shepherds inland). Il 10 febbraio l’Italia celebra Il Giorno del ricordo, la giornata dedicata alla commemorazione delle vittime dei massacri delle foibe e dell’esodo giuliano-dalmata. [22], Other foibe and mass graves were discovered in more recent times; for instance, human remains were discovered in the Idrijski Log foiba near Idrija, Slovenia, in 1998; four skeletons were found in the foiba of Plahuti near Opatija in 2002; in the same year, a mass grave containing the remains of 52 Italians and 15 Germans was discovered in Slovenia, not far from Gorizia; in 2005, the remains of about 130 people killed between the 1940s and the 1950s were recovered from four foibe located in northeastern Istria. [citation needed], Silvio Berlusconi's coalition government brought the issue back into open discussion: the Italian Parliament (with the support of the vast majority of the represented parties) made February 10 National Memorial Day of the Exiles and Foibe, first celebrated in 2005 with exhibitions and observances throughout Italy (especially in Trieste). [44], In April 1941, Italy attacked Yugoslavia, and occupied large portions of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Montenegro, Serbia and Macedonia, directly annexing Ljubljana Province, Gorski Kotar and Central Dalmatia, along with most Croatian islands. Un dramma nazionale strumentalizzato dall’estrema destra e rimosso, o talvolta negato, dalla sinistra. Thus no Italian victims were ever recovered or determined at Basovizza. Archiviato sotto Giorno del Ricordo (Le Foibe) - Iniziative scuole, Segnalazioni. [66][67], Many books have been written about the foibe, and results, interpretations and estimates of victims can in some cases vary largely according to the point of view of the author. [47] The Italian forces executed thousands of additional civilians as hostages and conducted massacres, such as the Podhum massacre in 1942. . DALLE FOIBE UN GRIDO: NON DIMENTICATECI! Investigations of the crimes had not been initiated either by Italy, Yugoslavia or any international bodies in the post-war period until after Slovenia became an independent country in 1991. In Italy, Law 92 of 30 March 2004[65] declared February 10 as a Day of Remembrance dedicated to the memory of the victims of Foibe and the forced exodus of nearly the entire population of Italian origin living in Dalmatia and the Julian March carried out by the Yugoslavs. After D’Annuzio's removal, Fiume briefly become a Free State, but local Fascists in 1922 carried out a coup, and in 1924 Italy annexed Fiume. Newspaper reports from the postwar era claimed anywhere from 18 to 3,000 Basovizza foibe victims, but Trieste authorities refused to fully excavate Basovizza, citing financial constraints. L'elenco è aggiornato continuamente. [12] Other authors claimed the 70 hostages were killed and burned in the Nazi lager of the Risiera of San Sabba, on 4 April 1944. “Il Giorno del ricordo è una solennità civile nazionale italiana, celebrata il 10 febbraio di ogni anno. Fabio Magris, poesia sulle foibe. Many authors from the left wing have maintained that the foibe were an exaggeration (or, some suggested, an invention) of the extreme right for propaganda purposes,[68] and that the fascist crimes in the same areas dwarf even the most lavish of the foibe allegations.[56]. [28][22] More bodies were sighted, but not recovered. Con questo momento, costruito sotto forma di incontro-spettacolo, vogliamo aiutare i docenti ... Selezione di link che rimandano ad attività di accoglienza per la scuola primaria. [13][14][15][16][17][18], After Italy's surrender in September 1943, Partisan forces extended their liberated territory to much of the former Italian occupation zone, and in some areas carried out reprisal killings, In 1944, the secretary of the Fascist party stated in the local Fascist party newspaper, “Corriere Istriano”, that altogether 481 Italians were killed in the 1943 reprisals in all of Istria and Dalmatia, and that among these victims “Fascists were the most numerous”. To suppress the mounting resistance led by the Partisans, the Italians adopted tactics of "summary executions, hostage-taking, reprisals, internments and the burning of houses and villages.".[45]. Contro il revisionismo storico. 12 cose da sapere sulle Foibe. In classe Proseguendo nella navigazione si accetta l’uso dei cookie; in caso contrario è possibile abbandonare il sito. claim the main motive for the killings was retribution for the years of Italian repression, forced Italianization, suppression of Slavic sentiments and killings performed by Italian authorities during the war, not just in the concentration camps (such as Rab and Gonars), but also in reprisals often undertaken by the fascists.[53]. Regolamento per l’attività negoziale, la fornitura di beni e servizi, le prestazioni d’opera ... Incontro sul “Dramma delle Foibe ... 135 - Circolare 135 seminario sulle foibe def. Istituto regionale per la storia della Resistenza e dell’Età contemporanea nel Friuli Venezia Giulia, This page was last edited on 17 January 2021, at 02:06. [8] Il Giorno del ricordo – I libri sulle foibe. Verini, rifiutiamo ogni forma di negazionismo Giorno del ricordo è un'occasione per onorare le vittime "Ho partecipato alla cerimonia alla Camera per ricordare i massacri delle Foibe e la tragedia dell'esodo Giuliano-dalmata. [3] and placed the events in the broader context of "the collapse of a structure of power and oppression: that of the fascist state in 1943, that of the Nazi-fascist state of the Adriatic coast in 1945."[4]. Since most of the foibe currently lie outside Italian territory, no formal and complete investigation could be carried out during the years of the Cold war, and books could be of a speculative or anecdotal nature. [58] The event was discussed by Jože Pirjevec in connection to the Porzûs massacre, in which 17 members of the anti-fascist group "Brigate Osoppo" (among whom was a female prisoner) were killed by members of the Italian Communist Party (among them, the nineteen-year-old Guido Pasolini, the brother of famous Italian writer Paolo Pasolini). What we can say for sure is that what was achieved - in the most evident way through the inhuman ferocity of the foibe - was one of the barbarities of the past century. Thousands died in the camps, including hundreds of children. From Ljubljana Province alone, historians estimate the Italians sent 25,000 to 40,000[46] Slovenes to concentration camps, which represents 8-12% of the total population. Film sulle foibe Segue una raccolta di film sulle foibe, dal più recente al meno recente. [3] Italian historian Guido Rumici estimated the number of Italians executed, or died in Yugoslav concentration camps, as between 6,000 and 11,000,[26] while Mario Pacor estimated that after the armistice about 400-500 people were killed in the foibe and about 4,000 were deported, many of whom were later executed. La Perna gave a list of 6,335 names (2,493 military, 3,842 civilians). Estimates range from hundreds to twenty thousand. o stradalima u istarskim fojbama i boksitnim jamama nakon kapitulacije Italije 8. rujna 1943. godine", 'Silentes Loquimur': 'Foibe' and Border Anxiety in Post-War Literature from Trieste, Foibe: revisionismo di Stato e amnesie della Repubblica, "Jože Pirjevec: Dobri divjaki so postali nevarni barbari", Sono 130 i corpi riemersi da quattro foibe istriane, Monte Maggiore, quattro infoibati I resti appartengono a persone decedute poco più di cinquant’anni fa, Slovenia, da una fossa comune spuntano i resti di 52 italiani, Esplora il significato del termine: Cosi’ ho fatto scoprire la foiba dimenticata Cosi' ho fatto scoprire la foiba dimenticata, Spezialortsrepertorium der österreichischen Länder I-XII, Wien, 1915–1919, "Spezialortsrepertorium der österreichischen Länder I-XII, Wien, 1915–1919", "Diverse minorities in the Italo-Slovene borderland: "historical" and "new" minorities meet at the market", "dLib.si - Izseljevanje iz Primorske med obema vojnama", "Promjene u nacionalnoj strukturi stanovništva grada Rijeke od 1918. do 1924. godine", "dLib.si - Edinost: glasilo slovenskega političnega društva tržaške okolice", "Zgodovinski pogledi na zadnje državno ljudsko štetje v Avstrijskem primorju 1910", General Roatta's War against the Partisans in Yugoslavia: 1942, IngentaConnect, Pubblicazioni Degli Archivi Di Stat O Sussidi 12, L’Elenco Dei Mille Deportati In Slovenia Nel 1945 – marzo 2006, "Clarification of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia relating to the names of deportees in 1945", "Il punto sulle foibe e sulle deportazioni nelle regioni orientali (1943-45)", "History in Exile: Memory and Identity at the Borders of the Balkans", Slovene-Italian Relations 1880-1956 Report 2000, "La mancata estradizione e l'impunità dei presunti criminali di guerra italiani accusati per stragi in Africa e in Europa", "La pulizia etnica e il manuale Cubrilovic", integral text from official website of the Italian President Bureau, official speech for the celebration of "Giorno del Ricordo", http://www.camera.it/parlam/leggi/04092l.htm, Il giorno del ricordo - Porta a Porta, from Rai website, Relazioni Italo-Slovene 1880-1956 Relazione 2000, Slovensko-italijanski odnosi 1880-1956 Poročilo 2000, Operazione foibe a Trieste by Claudia Cernigoi, Il punto sulle foibe e sulle deportazioni nelle regioni orientali (1943-45), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foibe_massacres&oldid=1000857211, Political repression in Communist Yugoslavia, Articles with Italian-language sources (it), Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2015, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014, Articles needing additional references from December 2015, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015, Articles with Croatian-language sources (hr), Articles with Slovene-language sources (sl), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Il primo “verticale”, inserisce la strage in una retta cronologica. This has the power to condition appreciably the choices of the people, such as the one by Istrians that decide to leave their lands assigned to Yugoslav sovereignty..." (. In 1993 a study titled Pola Istria Fiume 1943-1945[48] by Gaetano La Perna provided a detailed list of the victims of Yugoslav occupation (in September–October 1943 and from 1944 to the very end of the Italian presence in its former provinces) in the area. On February 14, the Office of the President of Croatia issued a press statement: The Croatian representative was assured that president Napolitano's speech on the occasion of the remembrance day for Italian WWII victims was in no way intended to cause a controversy regarding Croatia, nor to question the 1947 peace treaties or the Osimo and Rome Accords, nor was it inspired by revanchism or historical revisionism. The same law created a special medal to be awarded to relatives of the victims: In February 2012, a photo of Italian troops killing Slovene civilians was shown on public Italian TV as if being the other way round.